DESI Data Provides New Consistency Test for ΛCDM Model

This research presents a calibration-free consistency test of spatially flat $\Lambda$CDM based on baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) distance measurements. The method forms ratios of BAO distances, including the Hubble distance, the comoving angular diameter distance, and the volume-averaged distance, so that the sound horizon scale cancels. Each observed ratio is then mapped to an effective flat-$Λ$CDM matter density parameter, ${\Omega}_{ m M}^{\Lambda}$, defined as the value of $\Omega_{ m M}$ that reproduces the measured ratio within $\Lambda$CDM. Flat $\Lambda$CDM predicts that ${\Omega}_{ m M}^{\Lambda}$ should be independent of redshift and of the particular ratio used. The test is applied to BAO measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release~1 and Data Release~2, propagating the full published BAO covariance matrices into all derived ratios and ${\Omega}_{ m M}^{\Lambda}$ constraints. The results show that, within current uncertainties, the inferred ${\Omega}_{ m M}^{\Lambda}$ values are broadly consistent with a redshift-independent constant, providing an internal consistency check of flat $\Lambda$CDM. The authors note that this test can be strengthened straightforwardly as BAO measurements improve, offering a valuable tool for future cosmological studies. This research contributes to the ongoing effort to validate and refine our understanding of the universe's composition and evolution.

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