Gravitational Waves Dynamically Linked to Cosmic Structure Formation

This paper presents a novel framework that challenges the conventional understanding of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) as a passive relic of astrophysical and cosmological sources. By treating the SGWB and matter as a dynamically coupled non-equilibrium system, the authors derive a generalized Langevin framework that drives the system toward a dynamical equilibrium. This equilibrium is characterized by a distinctive strain spectrum with a high-frequency cutoff and a scale-dependent coupling parameter that screens gravity progressively for the most massive structures. The findings are supported by fitting the equilibrium spectrum to the NANOGrav 15-year dataset, which yields a significant Bayes factor over the supermassive black hole binary baseline. Furthermore, the PTA-calibrated screening mass scale overlaps with the ΛCDM-derived linear-to-nonlinear transition mass of cosmic structure. The framework makes distinctive scale-dependent predictions that can be tested by forthcoming large-scale structure surveys and space-borne gravitational-wave observatories. This research has significant implications for our understanding of the interplay between gravity, cosmology, and the formation of cosmic structures.

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