Nemesis: A New Algorithm for Astrophysical Simulations

The paper introduces and validates Nemesis, a multi-scale, multi-physics algorithm designed for astrophysical simulations. Nemesis leverages the Astrophysical Multipurpose Software Environment (AMUSE) to provide a flexible and modular framework for studying complex astrophysical systems. The algorithm's performance is assessed through a suite of simulations, including star clusters containing planetary systems and the von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai effect.

The results demonstrate that Nemesis yields indistinguishable results compared to the direct N-body code Ph4, both on global and local scales. This indicates that Nemesis accurately captures the dynamics of these systems. Furthermore, the algorithm's ability to capture the von Zeipel-Lidov-Kozai effect, a crucial phenomenon in the dynamics of hierarchical triple systems, further validates its accuracy and reliability.

The computational performance analysis reveals that the wall-clock time scales roughly as $t_{\rm sim \propto 1/ \sqrt{\delta t_{\rm nem}}$, where $\delta t_{\rm nem}$ represents the time synchronization between the global and local scales. This suggests that Nemesis can efficiently simulate systems with varying time scales. However, the computational time increases linearly with the number of excess systems when the number of available cores is exceeded, which could limit the scalability for extremely large simulations. Despite this limitation, Nemesis offers a valuable tool for simulating a wide range of astrophysical phenomena, from protoplanetary disks in star clusters to binary black holes in galactic centers. Its flexibility and modularity make it a promising platform for future research in astrophysics.

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