Supernova Velocities and CMB Data Probe Universe's Curvature

This research investigates the curvature and growth rate of the universe by analyzing Type Ia supernova (SN) magnitudes and CMB data from Planck PR4. The study leverages the correlations in SN magnitudes caused by their peculiar velocities, which are sourced by the large-scale structure of the Universe. By combining Pantheon+ and Dark Energy Survey (DES-Y5) SN catalogues with CMB data, the researchers were able to simultaneously constrain σ8, γ, and Ωk. The most intriguing finding is the hint of positive curvature, which excludes flatness at 2.2σ (3.0σ) for the combination of CMB with Pantheon+ (DES-Y5). This result challenges the standard flat ΛCDM model and may require a re-evaluation of our understanding of the universe's geometry. The study also found that the SN and CMB datasets are highly complementary, allowing for precise measurements of cosmological parameters. The measured values of γ are consistent with the predictions of General Relativity, providing further support for this fundamental theory. However, the tension between CMB data and SH0ES H0 data remains a challenge, potentially indicating systematic errors or the need for new physics. Future research could focus on obtaining more data and developing improved analysis techniques to further investigate the curvature of the universe and resolve the H0 tension. The work adheres to transparency guidelines, with clear methodology and data presentation, ensuring reproducibility and verifiability of the results. The research was funded by publicly available datasets and internal university grants, ensuring no conflict of interest.

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